Dietary Betaine and Carnitine Influence Metabolites and Immune Cell Response in Dogs

Evaluate the interaction of dietary betaine and carnitine on subsequent circulating metabolomics immune cell response. This study was a complete factorial with or without added (276 5600 mg/kg as fed analyzed) 2 levels (26 382 analyzed). Thirty two dogs (range 2–11) were used. All assigned to one four treatment foods: control, control plus betaine, carnitine. foods for ninety days. Blood analysis (metabolomics) released cytokine concentrations assessed at beginning end study. Whole blood maintained in TruCulture vitro model using Null LPS stimulated tubes. The supernatant, including cells, collected after incubation. cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, MCP-1, IL-10, IL-15 measured ELISA. molar concentration sum all overall response variable. Statistical repeated measure design carnitine, presence culture medium, time test, their interactions independent factors statistical P < 0.05 used cut off significance. Betaine supplementation induced more significant biochemical perturbations plasma than alone elicited shift profiles biochemicals involved one-carbon metabolism. Carnitine influenced fatty acid oxidation signatures possibly gut microbiome metabolism shown by increased indolelactate indoleacetate. There an stimulation such that combination had largest reduction increase LPS. Dietary influences methyl donor pathway. reduces inflammatory production unstimulated cells while increasing when are exposed funded Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc.